Essay on sars virus

Smallpox Treatment Smallpox has threatened our world for the past twelve thousand years. Treatments were desperately searched for until a cure called variolation was discovered. Variolation is the use of the virus placed into a being to which they will receive the illness to a lesser degree and overcome the illness forming an immunization to it.

This process was started in China and went worldwide after Lady Montagu took the process from Turkey and informed the British about it. From here the process set fire and spread across Europe, curing many, but also killing them too. We as a government must take stronger measures to inform the public of the dangers of Spanish Influenza, instruct them as to how to decrease their risk of contracting the illness, and must also allocate more funds to the U.

Health Department so that it may better aid New York's overworked medical staffs. When asked by a local reporter as to whether U. More significantly, the Surgeon General announced that a new microorganism had recently been discovered, which scientists hope will prove to be the culprit for the U.

Once you have received a vaccine, it is highly recommended by the CDC to monitor for sever, life-threatening symptoms. Certain adverse effects such Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48 4 , Pathophysiology for the health professions.

Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. The SARS outbreak incited new laws and policies regarding epidemics in the countries affected. The most drastic changes to health and epidemic policies occurred in China, where the SARS virus appears to have started. Consequentially, the SARS virus outbreak made its way to Beijing and escalated into a national health threat. The campaign included laws and regulations regarding SARS and other epidemics as well as improvements to medical resources.

Collectively, these three laws reformed emergency information reporting, treatment, and prevention of epidemics. Before SARS, any occurrence of infectious disease was considered a state secret until announced by the Ministry of Health.

Doctors or journalists reporting on a disease would face persecution for leaking state secrets. An article in Regulations on Dealing with the Outbreak of Public Health Emergencies specified that a public health emergency known to a provincial government must be reported to the Health Department of the State Council within an hour.

The Health Department must then report this to the State Council, the highest authority, if it poses a serious threat to the public. This piece With all the bacteria building up it causes everyday sicknesses. Having a certain sickness can put you in a life threatening situation. Pneumonia is a lung disease caused by certain bacteria not being filtered out by the body and filling up in the lungs. Pneumonia is very commonly found in people with poor oral health because of the extreme buildup of bacteria which is being taken in constantly Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

The measles is transmitted through the air. The way that the virus is transmitted is that infected droplets are released by coughing, sneezing, and by talking. When the infected droplets that contain the measles are in the air, they are taken into the body through the mouth, nose and eyes of the potential person that could get the virus. People with low respiratory tract, which is the lungs and bronchi, are more likely to get the infection.

Cold and flu affect our respiratory system and thus cause wheezing. Other symptoms of wheezing include tightness of the chest, bluish tinge around the mouth, fever, loss of voice, stuffy nose, coughing and shortness of breath.

Contracting a viral infection during a change of season is very common but any recurring viral infection that causes breathing difficulties should be reported to a medical practitioner at the. Smallpox Treatment Smallpox has threatened our world for the past twelve thousand years. Treatments were desperately searched for until a cure called variolation was discovered.

Variolation is the use of the virus placed into a being to which they will receive the illness to a lesser degree and overcome the illness forming an immunization to it. This process was started in China and went worldwide after Lady Montagu took the process from Turkey and informed the British about it.

From here the process set fire and spread across Europe, curing many, but also killing them too. However, after a person has come across the disease and recovers from it they become permanently immune to the virus. Jenner later promoted the smallpox vaccination and ultimately wiped the virus clear out. Since then there has only been one case of smallpox but they are not certain that it really was the smallpox virus or just a clone of a chicken pox virus.

Vaccinations only work depending on ones immune system if it is weak the vaccine will not take. The number of small pox infected countries gradually decreased. Rabies attacks the nervous system and can cause severe damage to the body. Rabies is a dangerous disease that affects many people all over the world, especially those who spend a lot of time out in nature. The hanta virus has become a growing threat in the United States. Most of these locations were in Asia, but there….

Reference Aguirre, A. British Medical Journal. BC Cancer Agency. SARS-associated coronavirus. Frequently asked questions about SARS. Centers for Disease Control. China joins investigation of mystery pneumonia. Communicable disease outbreak SAS by doing the following: Describe the communicable disease outbreak. A community wide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome SAS within the greater metropolitan area of Los Angeles County would represent one of the most dangerous and damaging health incidents in America's recent history.

An extremely virulent manifestation of the human coronavirus SAS-CoV, SAS is known to cause severe fever in exposed patients which is typically accompanied by aches, chills, myalgia and other bodily symptoms.

This extreme fever is soon worsened when "a lower respiratory phase begins with the onset of a dry, nonproductive cough or dyspnea, which might be accompanied by or progress to hypoxemia" Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Because the disease is so easily transmitted from patient to patient through physical contact, outbreaks of SAS are relatively common when proper precautions are not taken during the initial stages of exposure. References Banos, A. Spatio-temporal exploration of SARS epidemic.

Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, Childhood asthma in los angeles county, Communicable disease manual. The sars outbreak: Global challenges and innovative infection control measures.

Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS epidemic created a medical emergency and a healthcare crisis with the loss of hundreds of lives in a short span of time.

The knowledge of the etiology of the disease and the genome sequence of the virus provided new impetus in treatment of the disease. The crisis was successfully managed through an international cooperative effort and today we are better prepared to handle possible future outbreaks of the epidemic.

SARS is an acute infectious respiratory disease with all the symptoms of atypical pneumonia like fever, breathlessness that caused severe casualties in a short period of time.

The SARS epidemic created a panic worldover and the World Health Organization issued a global alert on March 12th about the rapid spread of symptoms of atypical pneumonia. Symptoms of atypical pneumonia…. Background of the Epiville SARS Simulation outbreak The case definition is a list of specific criteria used to decide whether or not one has the disease under investigation.

The case definition of the Epiville SARS outbreak is a visitor to, or resident of the Amoy Apartment Complex or a worker at Star Hospital, who has onset of respiratory flu-like symptoms high fever, cough, difficulty in breathing from 10th August to 23rd August, , without other apparent cause. The Epiville General Hospital suspects that the strange disease is the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS although they are yet to conduct diagnostic tests to confirm the same.

A clinical case is defined as an acute respiratory illness lasting? A suspected…. References CDC Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology 3rd ed. Personal freedoms and choice to say is all well and good, but forced evacuations should have been done and the parking lots full of empty buses prove that this can and should have been done had anyone had the temerity to do it.

Some of the screening tactics and procedures engaged in by the TSA are reassuring but some of them are head-scratching. When grandmothers and infant children are being poked and prodded for bombs or weapons, that is lunacy. Israel is widely condemned for their unapologetic racial profiling, but they simply point to two facts. The first is that most airplane-oriented terrorists are…. References Barbera, J.

Medical aspects of urban search and rescue. Fire Engineering, Currah, P. Social Research, 78 2 , Edmonson, J. Rescue command. Fagnoni, C. The key ethical issues raised in the case study involving the SARS research, were that the center for disease control wanted blood samples from individuals who may have come into contact with the index case—i.

If that person was on, say, a flight, the center wanted information from as many people on that flight as possible. The point was not to contact individuals to alert them of any danger, as they would have already passed out of danger or been placed into the hospital if they were in danger by the time they were located.

The point was merely to obtain data so that the center could better understand the disease and how it spread. Thus, the key ethical issues involved obtaining consent from the participants in the study.

Every participant in a study has a right to take part or not take part in…. Due to their contact with different patients, it allows them to become carriers of the disease. It is important to study the relevance of SARS to epidemiology because epidemiology can provide an amount of diverse and important information that can facilitate the process of controlling, if not totally preventing, its spread.

Moreover, epidemiology can be a fundamental source in finding solutions to combat the disease. Thus, providing another measure in the management and control of its spread.

For instance, in the outbreak cases of SARS in many places worldwide, the article indicated that epidemiology provided appropriate models in containing the disease. Retrieved on Nov. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being.

Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and mutates, via transportation routes, is the reason why the influenza pandemic is considered to be a huge threat to the human population. Pandemic is a term, which is used for a virus or microbe when it spreads over a large area, in severe cases even the whole world and large number of people start getting affecting by it CDC, In the past years, there have been ten significant influenza pandemics outbreaks that have taken place in this world.

References Airports Council International Airport preparedness guidelines for outbreaks of communicable disease. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Brigantic, R. Homeland security presidential directive -- 5: Management of domestic incidents. Search and Rescue is the search that is done to provide aid to the people who are feeling distressed or any sort of obvious danger.

The general field of SAR encompasses many sub-fields that are generally acknowledged by the sort of terrain over which the search has been conducted.

The types of terrain include ground search and rescue, which also includes the use of dogs for search and rescue. This is a kind of search and rescue that is done in the urban settings. Other kinds include the mountain rescue, combat search and rescue that is done on the battlefield and finally the air-sea rescue that is done over water. In this paper, particular importance will be given with respect to the last kind of SAR. This is conducted by the maritime….

Bibliography Arteaga, Felix MaltaMedia News. January Minister of Public Works and Government Services. There were incidences of the army having supplies but no requests came in for the supplies from FEMA which was supposed to be initiating that. The lack of the CIA activation also meant there was no unified command on the ground hence the delay of the arrival of the active duty-federal troops in New Orleans.

Even though there were in excess of 50, troops sent with resources from over 49 states, the operations did not proceed efficiently due to lack of the command from federal Northern Command, which was overseeing the large-scale deployments and operations of the active-duty military Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Pp Politics and decision making process In the event of any disaster, be it natural or an act of terrorism, there is always an attempt to politicize the process of making decisions particularly relating to the search and rescue and general response….

References Department of Homeland Security, Catastrophic Incidence Annex. National Response Plan. Historical figures associated with the first airplanes are generally revered by history books and society as a whole.

These are figures like the Wright brothers, Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh and others who most agree made a positive impact on human life and symbolize a leap of mankind towards advanced technology and increasing modern times.

These are all things that airplanes and flight represent to Americans and they're widely viewed as things which have improved life on this planet for the better. This begs the question as to why the airline industry still remains one of the most volatile, low or no profits business around.

Pilarski, seeks to both scrutinize and illuminate the general failure of the airline…. References Bluejay, M.

What's Wrong with Bicycle Helmets? On the Homefront: The Airline Industry. Retrieved from Pbs. Burlington: Ashgate. In the former, the convergence of disparate agencies fueled an already chaotic situation, as few of the agencies were ICS prepared. In the latter, the outbreak was fueled by intensive, fear-causing media coverage, which ICS had to counter with education, patience, and endurance. In each case, the need for central command was essential but so was the ability of all agencies and workers to be "on the same page.

Reference List Banerjee, H. Clinical review: SARS -- lessons in disaster management. Critical Care, 9 4 : Samaan, J. Cattelain, ; paraphrased the work of Cattelain additionally states that as of the beginning of " July, , approximately 66, children born to couples of which one is a Hong Kong resident and one is a mainlanders were waiting to come to Hong Kong, and around 2,, children who had entered the territory illegally or overstayed visit permits were estimated to be in Hong Kong.

International Marriage Migration in Asia. National University of Singapore. There is little doubt that China's international standing was clearly badly damaged by its government's mishandling of the SARS epidemic. On July 21, , Dr. Works Cited China. Accessed 16 November review of evidence: China's path to better health and development. World and I. Rask, Kolleen J. Research in Healthcare Financial Management. Threats to security are seen to come not only from external military aggression but also from a myriad of internal challenges -- separatist movements, social unrest, or the collapse of the political system.

What these definitions of security lack, however, is a full understanding of the term; military operations and protection from terrorist attacks are most certainly important factors in a nation's security, however, they are far from being the total measure of peace and stability in a society. Stockholm Initiative on Global Security and Governance, Common Responsibility in the s.

Stockholm: Prime Minister's Office. Timothy, K. Section 1 — Typical Case Research the characteristics of a typical case associated with the pathogen you have chosen to analyze. Coronaviruses represent a family of single-stranded, enveloped, positive-strand, Nidovirales RNA viruses.

COVID or coronavirus disease surfaced for the first time towards the end of and, ever since, has affected over two-hundred nations. In a matter of a mere five months, over 4,, individuals worldwide were diagnosed with the illness.

The first patient to contract the disease was a Chinese man aged 31 years, hailing from Wuhan, hospitalized at the Parisian Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital while on holiday in Paris, France, with his wife.

Bibliography Asrani, P. Taylor and Francis Online. Clark, A. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID due to underlying health conditions in a modeling study. The Lancet, EE National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ouassou, H.

Bnouham, M. Journal of Immunology Research. Rosenthal, M. Infectious Disease Special Edition. Weiss, S. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. However, recent spot checks suggest that many operators are unaware of the risk and therefore have not taken precautions to prevent dangerous concentrations of CO NIOSH, This could prove to be fatal.

When employees are around aircraft it is important to practice the utmost safety, in order to ensure the safety of the ground crew, the people are on board of the aircraft, and all other employees involved in the handling of the flight line. Individuals must watch and listen for newly arriving or passing aircraft. If driving, employees must keep a proper distance from the aircraft and drive slowly, at 5 miles per hour only AFOSH, Caution must also be taken with forklifts and k-loaders, as they must be lowered while aircraft is moving.

When working at night and around hazardous equipment, employees must utilize luminous wands, practice safe driving techniques, as those mentioned above, and use…. Hopewell Holdings Ltd. Currently its largest contracts are to build toll roads and bridges in Mainland China as well as its other extensive real estate holdings, particularly in Hong Kong.

Although it mainly focuses on its heavy construction, it also has interests in the leisure industry, in the form of hotels, including the China and the Panda Hotel in Hong Kong. It also has several commercial property interests throughout all of Asia. According to Hoover's Online, the company's annual growth was Hoover's, The principal activity of Hopewell Holding is investment holding. Its subsidiaries are active in the field of investment in infrastructure projects, property letting, property agency and management, hotel operations and management,….

Last Updated January 9, Hoover's Online. Richard L. Scott Scarborough. By the turn of the century, though, these low-costs carriers had become profitable or at least had significantly reduced their losses due in large part to concomitant increases by major carriers that were increasing their prices in response to decreasing yields and higher energy prices Doganis By and large, passenger traffic across the board increased significantly prior to September 11, and all signs indicated it was continue to increase for the foreseeable future.

For example, according to Janda, Flouris and Oum , global air passenger traffic increased from 1. Furthermore, between and , air freight traffic grew at even faster rate than passenger traffic Janda et al. These authors also emphasize airlines are directly affected by the larger economy in…. Because the home country is not required to reimburse foreign depositors for losses, there is no corresponding financial penalty for lax supervision; there is, though, a benefit to the country with lenient regulatory policies because of increased revenues generated and the employment opportunities these services provide Edwards Furthermore, banks seeking to conduct multinational business are attracted to countries where incorporation laws and the regulatory framework offer less regulatory oversight Edwards The quid pro quo nature of offshore financial services is clearly indicated by Edwards's observation that, "Multinational banks provide the offshore financial centre with increased tax revenue and employment for its citizens.

Because the benefits outweigh the costs, offshore financial centres have a powerful incentive to maintain lenient regulatory policies. As a result, multinational banks incorporated in an offshore financial center successfully avoid supervision by an effective home country regulator" , p.

Given the scope of the…. References Black's Law Dictionary. Boise, C. This particular amount value is attained by getting the difference between the original costs of the inventory as the prevailing market replacement value.

In accordance to IAS 2, if the loss on write-down of inventory is minimal or trivial, it can be reported on the financial statements as a part of the cost of goods sold. On the other hand, if the loss amount is high then it is imperative to report it in the income statement in a separate line. More so, these kinds of aspects typically develop into a violation. Examples of these instances include the case of Enron Company and also the case of WorldCom.

On the other hand, IAS1 encompasses the…. References Rittenberg, Larry. Auditing: A Business Risk Approach. Ohio: South Western Cengage, University of New Hampshire, Congressional Research Service, As the world's market for air travel fluctuates with the risk of war, so do oeing's revenues.

However, as the United States moves towards a footing that may include future wars against perceived 'terrorist states,' oeing stands to gain from military aircraft and weapons production. As such, it intrigues investors as its market is a careful reflection of the front pages of the world's newspapers.

To successfully evaluate oeing's stock, we must analyze its fundamentals and the performance of comparables, as well as market performance.